The swastika has an extensive history. It was used at least 5,000 years before Adolf Hitler designed the Nazi flag. The word swastika comes from the Sanskrit svastika,
which means “good fortune” or “well-being." The motif (a hooked cross)
appears to have first been used in Neolithic Eurasia, perhaps
representing the movement of the sun through the sky. To this day it is a
sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Odinism. It is a
common sight on temples or houses in India or Indonesia. Swastikas also
have an ancient history in Europe, appearing on artifacts from
pre-Christian European cultures.
The symbol experienced a resurgence in the late nineteenth century,
following extensive archeological work such as that of the famous
archeologist Heinrich Schliemann. Schliemann discovered the hooked cross
on the site of ancient Troy. He connected it with similar shapes found
on pottery in Germany and speculated that it was a “significant
religious symbol of our remote ancestors.”  |
| Picture postcard showing a crowd of saluting Germans superimposed on
an enlarged image of Hitler and a Nazi stormtrooper. Munich, Germany,
ca. 1932.
— USHMM, courtesy of James Sanders
|
In the beginning of the twentieth century the swastika was widely used in Europe. It had numerous meanings, the most common being a symbol of good luck and auspiciousness. However, the work of Schliemann soon was taken up by völkisch movements, for whom the swastika was a symbol of “Aryan identity” and German nationalist pride
This conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people is likely one of the main reasons why the Nazi party formally adopted the swastika or Hakenkreuz (Ger., hooked cross) as its symbol in 1920.
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| At a rally, members of the Hitler Youth parade in the formation of a
swastika to honor the Unknown Soldier. Germany, August 27, 1933.
— Wide World Photo
|
The Nazi party, however, was not the only party to use the swastika in Germany. After World War I, a number of far-right nationalist movements adopted the swastika. As a symbol, it became associated with the idea of a racially “pure” state. By the time the Nazis gained control of Germany, the connotations of the swastika had forever changed.
In Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler wrote: “I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the swastika.”
The swastika would become the most recognizable icon of Nazi propaganda, appearing on the flag referred to by Hitler in Mein Kampf as well as on election posters, arm bands, medallions, and badges for military and other organizations. A potent symbol intended to elicit pride among Aryans, the swastika also struck terror into Jews and others deemed enemies of Nazi Germany.
Despite its origins, the swastika has become so widely associated with Nazi Germany that contemporary uses frequently incite controversy.
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| Hitler reviews an SA parade as it passes in front of the Dortmund theater. —Mahn- und Gedenkstaette Steinwache Dortmund |
Further reading
Heidtmann, Horst. “Swastika.” In Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, 937-939. New York: Macmillan, 1991.
Heller, Steven. The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? New York: Allworth Press, 2000.
Quinn, Malcolm. The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol. London: Routledge, 1994.
